All USB ports work on 5V. That said, some ports may not be able to deliver enough current to the Raspberry.
I wouldn't rely on it for continuous operation. Worst case scenario the port's polyfuse on your motherboard will open the circuitry, and turn off the port for some amount of time. I doubt there would be any damagesdamage to the PC or the PI, but it depends on the motherboard (i.e. if it has said fuses incorporated into the design - some older, archaic ones may not have them). You'll probably be fine (at least for some time, since polyfuses have limited trip cycle, i.e. the number of times the fuse can be blown without a failure). In terms of doing things on Raspberry though - it's risky. Randomly turning off the device may corrupt the file system on your SD card.
Since laptop/PC USB ports are not suited to provide higher amperage, a better solution would be to use powered USB hub, or USBv3 high power port if you have one available on your PC.
If you draw too much current from USB port the voltage goes down by a significant amount, before the polyfuse kicks in. That's something to consider, since Raspberry PI's components doesn't work terribly well when on under-voltage.
Speaking of under-voltage...
Another thing to consider is the increased power consumption when the temperature goes upincreased power consumption when the temperature goes up. The under-voltage scenario can lead to heating of internal components, both on Raspberry and PC - this leads to increased internal resistance, and even more power consumption. Due to this effect, the polyfuse openings can kick in randomly depending on temperature. The device may power on when cooled down, and then power off after temperature builds up. This may lead to random Raspberry shutdowns, and can be disastrous for SD card inside.