It seems that recently my SSD began to get corrupted almost every time I shut my Pi 3B+ down, and on boot I get:
[ 4.503731] sda: sda1 sda2
[ 4.511049] sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] Attached SCSI disk
[ 4.535157] EXT4-fs (sda2): INFO: recovery required on readonly filesystem
[ 4.540448] EXT4-fs (sda2): write access will be enabled during recovery
[ 4.648339] EXT4-fs (sda2): recovery complete
[ 4.654438] EXT4-fs (sda2): mounted filesystem with ordered data mode. Opts: (null)
[ 4.659839] VFS: Mounted root (ext4 filesystem) readonly on device 8:2.
[ 4.671015] devtmpfs: mounted
...
I'm running my Pi 3b+ 100% of an external SSD, connected via USB. I tried mounting my SSD in another linux machine and running fsck on it, but the problem seems to recur.
I've been running it for almost a year now, without problems, and I have no reason to suspect it's a problem with the SSD itself.
Edit:
$ cat /etc/fstab
proc /proc proc defaults 0 0
PARTUUID=af115a56-01 /boot vfat defaults 0 2
PARTUUID=af115a56-02 / ext4 defaults,noatime 0 1
a swapfile is not a swap partition, no line here
use dphys-swapfile swap[on|off] for that
##RAMDISK##
none /tmp tmpfs defaults 0 0
$ mount
/dev/sda2 on / type ext4 (rw,noatime)
devtmpfs on /dev type devtmpfs (rw,relatime,size=342320k,nr_inodes=85580,mode=755)
sysfs on /sys type sysfs (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime)
proc on /proc type proc (rw,relatime)
tmpfs on /dev/shm type tmpfs (rw,nosuid,nodev)
devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,nosuid,noexec,relatime,gid=5,mode=620,ptmxmode=000)
tmpfs on /run type tmpfs (rw,nosuid,nodev,mode=755)
tmpfs on /run/lock type tmpfs (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,size=5120k)
tmpfs on /sys/fs/cgroup type tmpfs (ro,nosuid,nodev,noexec,mode=755)
cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/systemd type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,xattr,release_agent=/lib/systemd/systemd-cgroups-agent,name=systemd)
cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/cpuset type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,cpuset)
cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/pids type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,pids)
cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/cpu,cpuacct type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,cpu,cpuacct)
cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/devices type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,devices)
cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/net_cls type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,net_cls)
cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/blkio type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,blkio)
cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/freezer type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,freezer)
cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/memory type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,memory)
systemd-1 on /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc type autofs (rw,relatime,fd=25,pgrp=1,timeout=0,minproto=5,maxproto=5,direct)
configfs on /sys/kernel/config type configfs (rw,relatime)
debugfs on /sys/kernel/debug type debugfs (rw,relatime)
sunrpc on /run/rpc_pipefs type rpc_pipefs (rw,relatime)
mqueue on /dev/mqueue type mqueue (rw,relatime)
none on /tmp type tmpfs (rw,relatime)
/dev/sda1 on /boot type vfat (rw,relatime,fmask=0022,dmask=0022,codepage=437,iocharset=ascii,shortname=mixed,errors=remount-ro)
binfmt_misc on /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc type binfmt_misc (rw,relatime)
tmpfs on /run/user/1000 type tmpfs (rw,nosuid,nodev,relatime,size=94780k,mode=700,uid=1000,gid=1000)
fusectl on /sys/fs/fuse/connections type fusectl (rw,relatime)
gvfsd-fuse on /run/user/1000/gvfs type fuse.gvfsd-fuse (rw,nosuid,nodev,relatime,user_id=1000,group_id=1000)
$ df -h
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/root 110G 6.7G 99G 7% /
devtmpfs 335M 0 335M 0% /dev
tmpfs 463M 49M 415M 11% /dev/shm
tmpfs 463M 13M 451M 3% /run
tmpfs 5.0M 4.0K 5.0M 1% /run/lock
tmpfs 463M 0 463M 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
none 463M 56K 463M 1% /tmp
/dev/sda1 44M 23M 21M 53% /boot
tmpfs 93M 0 93M 0% /run/user/1000
shutdown now. I wait until the screen goes black before pulling the power. – user96931 Jan 17 '20 at 15:20