The Raspberry Pi A & B are powered through the microUSB port. If the Raspberry Pi is plugged into a computer instead of a power transformer, could you send data through that connection? I know iPhones and iPods have a similar approach where you can charge the iPod and transfer songs so I don't think it's unreasonable for the Raspberry Pi to do the same.
I think such a setup would be interesting for projects where I dedicate the Pi towards a single task and I just send it commands from my computer.