unfortunatey the re-install you mentioned does not work since the kernel version seems not to be in the repository any more. Since I noticed the issue *afterwards* the upgrade, I was in the same situation as Innidael. Nevertheless I found the necessary packages still being stored in the apt cache /var/cache/apt/archives/. Therefore I was able to install both packages manually by using
dpkg -i /var/cache/apt/archives/raspberrypi-bootloader_1.20170405-1_armhf.deb /var/cache/apt/archives/raspberrypi-kernel_1.20170405-1_armhf.deb
Beware, this is only possible if you don't execute an "apt-get clean". Maybe it is a good idea to store both packages in a save place and also setting them to hold.
regards
glimfindel